Research Projects in Monteverde’s Tropical Forest
Monteverde, Costa Rica, is a globally recognized hub for tropical forest research, attracting scientists studying biodiversity, climate change, and conservation. Nestled in the cloud forest, this region provides a unique environment for examining species interactions, ecosystem resilience, and the impacts of climate change. Since 1998, we have been wanting to know more about this region. We have done just that. The countless projects with countless people and partnerships, have allowed us to uncover and protect this gem we call Monteverde.
Monteverde is only 53.05km² (20.48272mi²) but is one of the most biodiverse places on the planet. In this small region there are:
Our research topics focus on improving restoration practices and increasing accessibility to landowners. Since our goal is to restore forests with its ecological integrity, we research ecosystem functions, soil microbial biomes, and recolonization of restored areas by plants and animals. To assist landowners, we study efficient restoration techniques and combinations of species to assist with water and wind protection, nitrogen fixation, carbon sequestration, and other ecosystem services. Monteverde’s unique elevation and microclimates make it a crucial site for studying ecological resilience and the effects of climate change on tropical forests. The FCC and other local organizations contribute to ongoing scientific efforts to protect this rich and fragile ecosystem.
Monteverde is only 53.05km² (20.48272mi²) but is one of the most biodiverse places on the planet. In this small region there are:
- Over 2,500 plant species, including orchids, ferns, and bromeliads
- 700 tree species, including the strangler fig and Monteverde oak
- Over 400 bird species, including the Three-wattled Bellbird, and Resplendent Quetzal
- Over 120 reptile and amphibian species, including the red-eyed tree frog
- Over 100 species of mammals
Our research topics focus on improving restoration practices and increasing accessibility to landowners. Since our goal is to restore forests with its ecological integrity, we research ecosystem functions, soil microbial biomes, and recolonization of restored areas by plants and animals. To assist landowners, we study efficient restoration techniques and combinations of species to assist with water and wind protection, nitrogen fixation, carbon sequestration, and other ecosystem services. Monteverde’s unique elevation and microclimates make it a crucial site for studying ecological resilience and the effects of climate change on tropical forests. The FCC and other local organizations contribute to ongoing scientific efforts to protect this rich and fragile ecosystem.
Restoration Integrity: are we planting forests with the same functional capacity as native forests?
We know that we are planting trees that turn into forests within 20 years, but how do they compare with their older native forest counterparts? Starting with the DukeEngage program In 2017, we are examining the structure, biodiversity, and ecosystem functions of the restored forests as compared to secondary forest that is nearby.
published projects
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A study on tropical forest restoration in Monteverde, Costa Rica, focusing on the survival, growth, and cost-effectiveness of reforesting former cattle pastures and coffee plantations. Researchers tested the effects of maintenance (weeding) and fertilizer on tree seedling success, finding that maintenance significantly improved survival, while fertilizer had no measurable impact. The study recommends one year of maintenance as the most cost-effective strategy, as extended upkeep offers diminishing returns. Results also highlight the variability in species survival and growth rates, emphasizing the need for species selection in reforestation efforts. Since 1998, over 300,000 native trees have been planted, demonstrating the potential for community-driven restoration.
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To view the full article, click on the poster.
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The impact of Tropical Storm Nate on Monteverde, Costa Rica, focusing on reforestation efforts, community resilience, and landslide susceptibility. Researchers analyzed the survival of tree seedlings planted before the storm, finding that heavy rainfall increased plant mortality but did not eliminate all growth. Community surveys revealed strong social cohesion and self-sufficiency, leading to a new awareness phase called the "Tercera Etapa." Additionally, the study identified 29 landslides, showing that steep slopes and soil composition played a major role in their occurrence. The findings highlight both the challenges and strengths of Monteverde’s ecological and social systems in adapting to extreme weather.
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To view the full article, click on the poster.
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Deforestation in the tropics has led to significant land degradation, making reforestation efforts crucial. This study, conducted in Monteverde, Costa Rica, evaluates the effectiveness of fertilization and maintenance (weed removal) on the survival and growth of two native tree species (Mauria heterophylla and Myrcianthes "black fruit") planted in abandoned cattle pastures.
Results indicate that weed removal significantly improves survival, with a two-year survival rate of 84% in maintained plots versus 44% in unmanaged plots. Fertilization had no impact on survival but did enhance growth for M. heterophylla. A cost-benefit analysis suggests that while maintenance improves survival, it may not be economically viable for landowners. The study concludes that low-maintenance reforestation is possible, but survival rates will be lower. Further research is ongoing to assess long-term impacts and other species' responses. |
To view the full article, click on the poster.
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Research on Maintenance vs. No Maintenance
This graph compares the effects of maintenance versus no maintenance on the survival rates and average heights of six tree species from 2015 to 2017. The bars represent survival percentages, while the lines indicate average tree height in both conditions. Overall, trees with maintenance generally exhibited higher survival rates, though height growth varied among species. Some species showed greater height in non-maintained conditions, suggesting that while maintenance improves survival, its impact on growth may depend on species-specific factors. This analysis highlights the importance of tailored reforestation strategies for different tree species. |
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Maintenance with and without Fertilizer
This graph shows the survival rates of Mauria heterophylla and Myrcianthes "bf" under different treatment conditions from 2011 to 2016, including no treatment, fertilizer only, maintenance only, and a combination of maintenance and fertilizer. The results indicate that maintenance had the most significant positive impact on survival for both species, while fertilizer alone had a smaller or even negative effect. The highest survival rates were observed with maintenance, either alone or combined with fertilizer, highlighting the importance of active management in tree growth and survival. |
research beyond trees
Bird research in Monteverde, Costa Rica, is a cornerstone of conservation efforts, providing critical insights into the region’s rich avian biodiversity. Scientists, and conservation groups study all bird species to monitor population trends, migration patterns, and habitat needs. Research methods include banding, acoustic monitoring, and nest studies, helping to assess the impacts of climate change and deforestation on bird populations. This data informs conservation strategies, guiding habitat protection, reforestation, and sustainable land-use policies to ensure the survival of Monteverde’s iconic bird species.
Bellbird Holding Perches in Monteverde (1974, 1997, 2013, 2016)
This map illustrates the locations of Three-wattled Bellbird (Procnias tricarunculatus) holding perches in Monteverde, Costa Rica, recorded in April and May across four different years: 1974, 1997, 2013, and 2016. The perches represent key sites where male bellbirds were observed calling and displaying during the breeding season.
The data reveal a shift in perch locations over time. In 1974, perches were primarily concentrated within what is now the Curi Cancha Wildlife Refuge and adjacent forested areas. By 1997, additional perches were recorded further west. In 2013 and 2016, new perches were found in locations such as Bajo del Tigre and areas west of Monteverde, suggesting a broader distribution outside traditional protected areas.
These changes may be influenced by habitat alterations, climate variations, or shifts in fruiting tree availability, which impact bellbird movement patterns. The findings highlight the importance of conserving both protected reserves and surrounding forests to ensure the long-term survival of this species.
The Fundación Conservacionista Costarricense (FCC) plays a key role in these conservation efforts by restoring forested habitats, promoting tree planting initiatives, and supporting conservation easements with landowners in Monteverde. FCC’s ongoing reforestation projects, including those at Finca Ecológica Nacimiento y Vida, Finca Rodríguez, and La Calandria, contribute to expanding suitable habitat for bellbirds and other species dependent on montane forests.
This map, created using field data from multiple researchers, underscores the ongoing need for habitat restoration and collaborative conservation strategies in Monteverde.
The data reveal a shift in perch locations over time. In 1974, perches were primarily concentrated within what is now the Curi Cancha Wildlife Refuge and adjacent forested areas. By 1997, additional perches were recorded further west. In 2013 and 2016, new perches were found in locations such as Bajo del Tigre and areas west of Monteverde, suggesting a broader distribution outside traditional protected areas.
These changes may be influenced by habitat alterations, climate variations, or shifts in fruiting tree availability, which impact bellbird movement patterns. The findings highlight the importance of conserving both protected reserves and surrounding forests to ensure the long-term survival of this species.
The Fundación Conservacionista Costarricense (FCC) plays a key role in these conservation efforts by restoring forested habitats, promoting tree planting initiatives, and supporting conservation easements with landowners in Monteverde. FCC’s ongoing reforestation projects, including those at Finca Ecológica Nacimiento y Vida, Finca Rodríguez, and La Calandria, contribute to expanding suitable habitat for bellbirds and other species dependent on montane forests.
This map, created using field data from multiple researchers, underscores the ongoing need for habitat restoration and collaborative conservation strategies in Monteverde.
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